These are some of the more common neurological conditions, treatments, procedures, and disorders. It is important to note that each individual case may vary and the best course of treatment will depend on the specific diagnosis and the individual patient's needs and circumstances. It is always recommended to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
ABCESS: An abscess is a circumscribed collection of pus that can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain. It is typically caused by an infection and is characterized by redness, swelling, and pain. Treatment typically involves draining the abscess and administering antibiotics.
ACOUSTIC NEURINOMAS: Acoustic neuromas, also known as vestibular schwannomas, are benign tumors that develop on the nerve that connects the ear to the brain. They can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and observation.
ACROMEGALY: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. It results in progressive enlargement of the head, face, hands, feet, and thorax. Symptoms include thickening of the skin, joint pain, and diabetes. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and medication.
ADENOMA: An adenoma is a benign growth formed of glandular tissue. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and colon. Treatment options vary depending on the location and size of the adenoma, but may include surgery and medication.
AGNOSIA: Agnosia is the absence of the ability to recognize the form and nature of persons and things, despite the presence of normal sensory function. It can be caused by brain damage or other neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. Treatment options may include rehabilitation and therapy.
AGRAPHIA: Agraphia is the loss of the power of writing due to either muscular incoordination or an inability to phrase thought. It can be caused by brain damage, such as a stroke, or by degenerative neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. Treatment options may include rehabilitation and therapy.
AMAUROSIS: Amaurosis is the loss of vision without discoverable lesion in the eye structures or optic nerve. Amaurosis fugax is a temporary blindness that occurs in short periods. The causes of amaurosis can be varied and include retinal detachment, diabetes, and hypertension. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include surgery, medication, and lifestyle changes.
AMENORRHEA: Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods due to causes other than pregnancy or advancing age. Causes can include hormonal imbalances, stress, and eating disorders. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include hormone replacement therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
AMNESIA: Amnesia is the loss of memory caused by brain damage or severe emotional trauma. Types of amnesia include retrograde amnesia (loss of memories before the event causing amnesia) and anterograde amnesia (loss of ability to create new memories after the event causing amnesia). Treatment options may include therapy and medication.
ANALGESIA: Analgesia is the loss of sensibility to pain, or loss of response to a painful stimulus. It can be induced by medications such as opioids or by certain medical procedures.
ANAPLASIA: Anplasia is a term used to denote the alteration in cell character which constitutes malignancy. It refers to the loss of normal cell structure and organization and is a characteristic of cancer cells.
ANASTOMOSIS: Anastomosis is a communication, direct or indirect, between two structures, such as nerves or blood vessels. In the nervous system, it refers to the joining of nerves or blood vessels.
ANEURYSM: An aneurysm is a dilation of an artery caused by a circumscribed enlargement of its wall. Saccular (berry) aneurysms are sac-like bulging on one side of an artery, usually arising at an arterial branching. They can be caused by a variety of factors including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and genetics. Treatment options include surgery and endovascular procedures.
ANGIOGRAM: An angiogram is a study that shows the blood vessels leading to and within the brain by injecting a dye or contrast substance through a catheter placed in an artery in the leg. It is used to diagnose and plan treatment for conditions such as aneurysms and blood vessel blockages.
ANGIOGRAPHY: Angiography is a type of radiography that uses the injection of material opaque to x-rays to give better definition to blood vessels. It is used to visualize and diagnose conditions such as aneurysms and blood vessel blockages.
ANOREXIA: Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by a loss of appetite and a refusal to maintain a healthy body weight. It can be caused by a variety of factors including psychological and biological factors. Treatment options include therapy, medication, and nutritional counseling.
ANOSMIC: Anosmic refers to a person who is without the sense of smell. It can be caused by a variety of factors including head injury, infection, and certain medical conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
ANOXIA: Anoxia is a total lack of oxygen supply. It can be caused by a variety of factors including choking, drowning, and altitude sickness. It can cause damage to the brain and other organs if not treated promptly.
ANTI-COAGULANT: An anti-coagulant is a medication that prevents coagulation of the blood. They are used to prevent or treat blood clots and are commonly used in conditions such as atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis.
ANTIDIURETIC: An antidiuretic is an agent that reduces the output of urine. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that is formed in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Its secretion reduces urine output and helps to regulate water balance in the body.
APHASIA: Aphasia is a difficulty with, or loss of use of language, in any of several ways including reading, writing or speaking. It is caused by a lesion in the brain and not related to intelligence. Treatment options include speech and language therapy.
APNEA: Apnea is the cessation of respiration, or inability to get one's breath. It can be caused by a variety of factors including sleep apnea, heart failure, and drug overdose. It can be treated with various methods such as CPAP, medication and lifestyle changes.
APOPLEXY: Apoplexy is a term that is often used as equivalent to stroke. It refers to the sudden onset of symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and difficulty speaking caused by a disruption of blood flow to the brain.
ARACHNOID: The arachnoid is the middle layer of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for protecting and cushioning these important structures.
ARACHNOIDITIS: Arachnoiditis is inflammation of the arachnoid membrane, most commonly seen within the spinal cord around the spinal cord and cauda equina. It can be caused by a variety of factors including infection, injury, and exposure to certain chemicals. Symptoms can include chronic pain, weakness, and difficulty with sensation. Treatment options include pain management, physical therapy, and surgery.
AREA: (Cortical) - An area of the brain refers to a specific region that has a specific function. Examples include:
- Motor area: The cortical portion of the brain controlling movement.
- Sensory area: The cortical portion controlling sensation.
ARTERIOGRAPHY: Arteriography is another term for angiography, which is a type of radiography that uses the injection of material opaque to x-rays to give better definition to blood vessels.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and calcification of the arterial wall with loss of elasticity and contractility. It is a common condition that can lead to heart disease and stroke. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking.
ARTERIOVENOUS: Arteriovenous refers to the connection between the arteries and veins.
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are collections of blood vessels with one or several abnormal communications between arteries and veins, which can cause hemorrhage or seizures. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and embolization.
ASTROCYTE: An astrocyte is a type of glial cell that supports the nerve cells (neurons) of the brain and spinal cord. They provide structural support, help to maintain the proper chemical environment for neurons, and also play a role in the repair of injured brain tissue.
ATHETOSIS: Athetosis is a type of movement disorder characterized by slow, writhing, and involuntary movements, primarily of the hands and feet. It is often seen in conditions such as cerebral palsy and can be caused by brain damage. Treatment options include medications, physical therapy, and surgery.
ATAXIA: Ataxia is a condition characterized by lack of coordination of muscle movements. It can affect speech, eye movement, and balance. Causes of ataxia include hereditary, viral infections, and brain damage. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that controls the body's internal organs and functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation. It has two main branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system which have opposite effects on the body.
AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION: Autonomic dysfunction refers to problems with the autonomic nervous system. Symptoms can include problems with heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating. It can be caused by a variety of factors including diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include medication and lifestyle changes.
BENIGN TUMOR: A benign tumor is a growth of cells that does not spread to other parts of the body and is not cancerous. Examples include meningiomas and acoustic neuromas. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and observation.
CEREBELLAR ATAXIA: Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia caused by damage to the cerebellum, a part of the brain that controls coordination and balance. Symptoms can include difficulty with coordination, balance, and speech. Treatment options include physical therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
CEREBRAL INFARCTION: A cerebral infarction, also known as a stroke, is an interruption of blood flow to the brain. It can be caused by a blood clot or bleeding in the brain. Symptoms can include weakness, numbness, and difficulty speaking. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and surgery.
CEREBRAL PALSY: Cerebral palsy is a group of neurological disorders that affect movement and muscle tone. It is caused by damage to the brain, usually before or during birth. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance. Treatment options include physical therapy, medication, and surgery.
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE: Cerebrovascular disease refers to a group of disorders that affect the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. Examples include stroke, transient ischemic attack, and cerebral aneurysm. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying condition and may include medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
COMA: Coma is a state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be awakened. It can be caused by a variety of factors including head injury, infection, and drug overdose. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, and supportive care.
CONVULSION: A convulsion is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause loss of consciousness and muscle stiffness. They can be caused by a variety of factors including infection, brain injury, and certain medical conditions such as epilepsy. Treatment options for convulsions include medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
CORTEX: The cortex is the outer layer of the brain, which is responsible for higher functions such as perception, memory, and decision-making. The cerebral cortex is divided into four main lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, each with specific functions.
CREUTZFELDT - JAKOB DISEASE: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative brain disorder that results in rapidly progressive dementia. It is caused by abnormal proteins called prions that can damage brain tissue. There is no cure for CJD and treatment is primarily supportive care to manage symptoms.
DEMENTIA: Dementia is a decline in cognitive function that interferes with daily activities. It can be caused by a variety of factors including Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease, and head injury. Symptoms include memory loss, difficulty with language, and disorientation. Treatment options include medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes.
DEPRESSION: Depression is a mental disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, brain chemistry, and life events. Treatment options include therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
DYSTONIA: Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. It can affect different parts of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, brain injury, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include medication, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation.
ENCEPHALITIS: Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection. Symptoms can include fever, headache, and confusion. Treatment options include antiviral medication, corticosteroids, and supportive care.
ENCEPHALOPATHY: Encephalopathy is a general term that refers to a wide range of disorders that affect the brain. It can be caused by a variety of factors including infection, injury, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms can include confusion, disorientation, and changes in consciousness. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include medication and supportive care.
EPILEPSY: Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, brain injury, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
FIBROMYALGIA: Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread muscle pain and tenderness. It can also cause fatigue, sleep problems, and cognitive difficulties. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal processing of pain signals in the brain. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.
GAIT DISORDER: Gait disorder is a term used to describe any difficulty or abnormality in walking. It can be caused by a variety of factors including neurological conditions, injury, and certain medical conditions such as arthritis. Treatment options include physical therapy, medication, and adaptive devices.
HEADACHE: Headache is a common symptom characterized by pain in the head or face. There are many different types of headaches, including tension headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches. Headaches can be caused by a variety of factors including stress, injury, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include over-the-counter and prescription medication, and lifestyle changes.
HYDROCEPHALUS: Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It can cause an increase in pressure inside the skull and lead to brain damage. It can be caused by a variety of factors including brain injury, infection, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include a shunt to drain the fluid or endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
HYPOXIA: Hypoxia is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen reaching the body's tissues. It can be caused by a variety of factors including choking, drowning, and altitude sickness. Symptoms can include confusion, shortness of breath, and loss of consciousness. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include oxygen therapy and supportive care.
MENINGITIS: Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms can include fever, headache, and a stiff neck. Treatment options include antibiotics, antiviral medication, and supportive care.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: Myasthenia gravis is a disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of the skeletal muscles. It is caused by an abnormal immune response that affects nerve signaling to the muscles. Treatment options include medication, plasmapheresis, and immunosuppressive therapy.
MYELOMENINGOCELE: Myelomeningocele is a type of spinal cord birth defect in which the spinal cord and its covering (the meninges) protrude through an opening in the vertebral column. It can cause problems with movement, sensation, and bowel and bladder function. Treatment options include surgery, physical therapy, and adaptive devices.
MYOCLONUS: Myoclonus is a disorder characterized by brief, involuntary muscle twitching or jerking. It can be caused by a variety of factors including injury, infection, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
NEURITIS: Neuritis is an inflammation of a nerve or nerves. It can cause pain, weakness, and loss of sensation. It can be caused by a variety of factors including infection, injury, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and surgery.
NEUROPATHY: Neuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system, which can cause weakness, numbness, and pain in the hands and feet. It can be caused by a variety of factors including diabetes, alcoholism, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.
NEUROTRANSMITTER: Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain and throughout the body. They play a role in regulating mood, movement, and other functions. Examples of neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
PARKINSON'S DISEASE: Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. It is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Symptoms can include tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Treatment options include medication, surgery, and physical therapy.
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY: Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system, which can cause weakness, numbness, and pain in the hands and feet. It can be caused by a variety of factors including diabetes, alcoholism, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.
PLEXOPATHY: Plexopathy is an injury or damage to a nerve plexus, which is a network of nerves. It can cause weakness, numbness, and pain in the affected area. It can be caused by a variety of factors including injury, infection, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include physical therapy, medication, and surgery.
RADICULOPATHY: Radiculopathy is a disorder of the nerve roots, which are the part of the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord. It can cause pain, weakness, and numbness in the affected area. It can be caused by a variety of factors including injury, herniated disc, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include physical therapy, medication, and surgery.
SCHIZOPHRENIA: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality, which can manifest as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. It can also cause changes in emotion and behavior. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment options include medication, therapy, and supportive care.
SEIZURE: A seizure is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause loss of consciousness and muscle stiffness. They can be caused by a variety of factors including infection, brain injury, and certain medical conditions such as epilepsy. Treatment options for seizures include medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes.
SPASTICITY: Spasticity is a condition characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms. It can be caused by a variety of factors including injury, stroke, and certain medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and surgery.
SPINAL CORD INJURY: Spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that can cause loss of sensation and movement. It can be caused by a variety of factors including trauma, infection, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include surgery, physical therapy, and rehabilitation.
STROKE: A stroke, also known as a cerebral infarction, is an interruption of blood flow to the brain. It can be caused by a blood clot or bleeding in the brain. Symptoms can include weakness, numbness, and difficulty speaking. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and surgery.
SYRINGOMYELIA: Syringomyelia is a disorder characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cyst within the spinal cord. It can cause pain, weakness, and loss of sensation in the affected area. It can be caused by a variety of factors including injury, infection, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include surgery and physical therapy.
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA: Tardive dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, and other body parts. It can be caused by long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotic medications. Treatment options include discontinuing the use of the offending medication, switching to a different medication, and other medications specifically used to treat tardive dyskinesia such as tetrabenazine.
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI): Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain caused by external forces such as a blow to the head or a penetrating injury. Symptoms can include confusion, memory loss, and changes in mood and behavior. Treatment options include surgery, physical therapy, and rehabilitation.
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder characterized by severe, sudden facial pain that can be caused by irritation or damage to the trigeminal nerve. It is also known as "tic douloureux". Treatment options include medication, nerve block, and surgery.
VESTIBULAR DISORDER: Vestibular disorder is a problem with the inner ear that can cause symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, and unsteadiness. It can be caused by a variety of factors including infection, injury, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.
Depressed skull fracture: A depressed skull fracture is a type of skull fracture where a portion of the skull is pushed inward. This can occur as a result of blunt trauma to the head, such as from a fall or a blow to the head. The bone that is pushed inward may press on or even cut into the brain, which can lead to serious complications such as brain swelling, bleeding, or damage to specific areas of the brain.
Diabetes insipidus: Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by the excessive production of urine (polyuria) and an inability to concentrate urine. This results in the excretion of large amounts of urine that is dilute and of low specific gravity. Diabetes insipidus can be caused by various factors, including problems with the pituitary gland or the kidneys, and can be treated with medications or hormone replacement therapy.
Diffuse axonal injury: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a type of traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is rapidly shaken or rotated, causing damage to the axons (nerve fibers) of many nerve cells in different parts of the brain. This type of injury can be very serious and can lead to long-term neurological problems such as coma, persistent vegetative state, or death.
Diffuse brain injury: Diffuse brain injury refers to damage to the brain that can affect many different areas of the brain, often in a subtle fashion. Examples of diffuse brain injuries include diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and inadequate blood flow to the brain. These types of injuries can result in a wide range of neurological problems, including problems with memory, attention, and motor function.
Diphenylhydantoin: Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) is also known as Dilantin, which is a medication used to control seizures in people with epilepsy. It works by slowing down the activity of certain nerve cells in the brain that are involved in seizures.
Diplopia: Diplopia, also known as double vision, is a condition in which a person sees two images of a single object. This can be caused by weakness or paralysis of one or more of the extra-ocular muscles, which are the muscles that control eye movement.
Disc: The intervertebral disc is a cartilaginous cushion found between the vertebrae of the spinal column. It acts as a shock absorber and allows for movement of the spine. A disc may bulge beyond the vertebral body and compress the nearby nerve root, causing pain, numbness and weakness in the leg. The terms "slipped disc", "ruptured disc" and "herniated disc" are often used interchangeably even though there are subtle differences.
Dome: In the context of an aneurysm, the dome refers to the round, balloon-like portion of the aneurysm. An aneurysm is a bulging or ballooning of a blood vessel caused by weakness in the wall of the vessel. The dome of the aneurysm usually arises from the artery from a smaller portion called the neck of the aneurysm.
Doppler: Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive study that uses sound waves to show the flow of blood in a vessel. It can be used to determine the degree of narrowing (percent stenosis) of the vessel. A wand is placed on the skin over the vessel to be imaged, and the study is not painful and has no risks.
Dura: Dura mater is a tough fibrous membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. It is separated from them by a small space called the subdural space.
Dysesthesia: Dysesthesia is a condition in which a person experiences a disagreeable sensation, such as burning, tingling, or pain, in response to ordinary touch, temperature, or movement. This can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as nerve damage or certain types of chronic pain conditions.
Dysphagia: Dysphagia is a difficulty in swallowing, which can be caused by problems with the muscles or nerves that control swallowing or by structural abnormalities in the throat or esophagus. Dysphagia can make it hard to swallow food or liquids and can lead to problems such as choking, coughing, or pneumonia.
Dystonia musculorum deformans: Dystonia musculorum deformans is a rare disorder that occurs primarily in children and is characterized by muscle contractions that produce distortions of the spine and hips. The exact cause of dystonia musculorum deformans is not known, but it is thought to be caused by abnormal activity in the brain that affects the muscles. It can be treated with medication and physical therapy.
Edema: Edema is the medical term for an excessive accumulation of fluid in the body, most commonly in the extracellular spaces. This can occur in various parts of the body, including the lungs, legs, and brain. Edema can be caused by a variety of conditions, including heart failure, kidney disease, and certain types of cancer. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.
Electroencephalography (EEG): Electroencephalography (EEG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the brain. Small metal electrodes are placed on the scalp to detect the brain's electrical impulses. These impulses produce a pattern of waves that can be recorded on an EEG machine, which produces a graph called an electroencephalogram. EEG is used to help diagnose conditions such as seizures, brain tumors, and sleep disorders.
Electromyography (EMG): Electromyography (EMG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of a muscle. It can be used to diagnose muscle disorders, such as nerve damage or muscle disease. During an EMG, a small needle is inserted into the muscle and connected to an EMG machine. The machine records the electrical activity of the muscle as it contracts and relaxes.
Endarterectomy: Endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove fatty or cholesterol plaques and calcified deposits from the inner wall of an artery. The most common type of endarterectomy is carotid endarterectomy, which is used to remove plaque from the carotid artery in the neck. This procedure can help prevent stroke by improving blood flow to the brain.
Endocrine gland: Endocrine glands are glands that secrete hormones, which are chemical substances that affect the activity of other organs in the body. Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and pancreas.
Endocrinopathy: Endocrinopathy is a disease caused by an abnormality of the quantity or quality of one or more of the internal glandular secretions. Examples include diabetes, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism.
Ependyma: The ependyma is the membrane lining the cerebral ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. It produces cerebrospinal fluid and helps to nourish and protect the brain and spinal cord.
Ependymoma: An ependymoma is a type of brain or spinal cord tumor that arises from ependymal cells, which are the cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumors can grow quite large and can press on vital structures in the brain or spinal cord, causing serious neurological symptoms.
Epidural: The epidural space is the area immediately outside the dura mater, the tough fibrous membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. An epidural procedure is a procedure that is performed in the epidural space, such as an epidural injection or an epidural anesthesia.
Epidural hematoma: An epidural hematoma is a blood clot that forms between the dura mater and the inside of the skull. This can occur as a result of a head injury, such as a skull fracture, and can cause serious brain injury.
Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, which can cause seizures, changes in sensation, movement, or level of consciousness. Epilepsy can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, infection, or genetic predisposition. Treatment for epilepsy typically includes medications, such as antiepileptic drugs, as well as lifestyle changes, such as avoiding triggers for seizures. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the part of the brain causing seizures.
Falx cerebri: The falx cerebri is an extension of the dura mater that runs between the right and left hemispheres of the brain. It separates the cerebral hemispheres and helps to protect and support the brain.
Fontanelle: Fontanelles are normal openings in the skull of infants. The largest of these is the anterior fontanelle, also known as the "soft spot," located in the middle of the head. These openings allow for the growth of the brain and skull during infancy, and typically close by 18-24 months of age.
Foraminotomy: Foraminotomy is a surgical procedure to enlarge the bony opening through which a nerve root exits the spinal canal. This procedure is done to relieve pressure on the nerve root and can be used to treat conditions such as spinal stenosis or herniated disc.
Fusiform aneurysm: A fusiform aneurysm is a type of aneurysm characterized by a sausage-like enlargement of a blood vessel. This type of aneurysm is caused by a weakening of the wall of the vessel and can put pressure on surrounding structures or even rupture and cause bleeding.
Galactorrhea: Galactorrhea is the discharge of milk from the breasts, which can occur in both men and women. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, certain medications, and some types of tumors.
Gamma Knife: Gamma Knife is a type of equipment that uses gamma rays to deliver a concentrated dose of radiation to a predetermined target in the brain. It is typically used to treat brain tumors, vascular malformations, and other brain disorders that require precise radiation treatment.
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most widely used system for classifying the severity of head injuries or other neurologic diseases. It is based on a person's level of consciousness, as determined by their ability to open their eyes, speak, and move. The GCS score ranges from 3 (deep coma) to 15 (normal consciousness) and is used to guide treatment decisions and predict outcomes.
Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS): The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) is a widely used system for classifying outcomes after head injury or other neurologic diseases. It classifies outcome into five categories: death, vegetative state, severe disability, moderate disability, and good recovery. The GOS score is used to guide treatment decisions and predict outcomes.
Glia (neuroglia): Glia, also known as neuroglia, are the major support cells of the brain. They are involved in the nutrition and maintenance of the nerve cells and play a role in protecting the brain from injury.
Glioma: A glioma is a type of brain or spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells, which are the cells that provide support and protection for nerve cells. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause serious neurological symptoms depending on the location and size of the tumor.
Glioblastoma: Glioblastoma is a rapidly growing, aggressive type of brain tumor that arises from astrocytes, a type of glial cell. These tumors are considered to be the most common and most malignant type of primary brain tumors. Glioblastomas can grow quickly and invade surrounding brain tissue, making them difficult to remove completely. Treatment typically includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Globus pallidus: The globus pallidus is a part of the basal ganglia, which are a group of brain cells that lie deep in the brain and play a role in movement control. Damage or dysfunction of the globus pallidus can lead to a variety of movement disorders, such as dystonia or Parkinson's disease.
Hemangioma: Hemangiomas are benign tumors that are composed of an aggregation of multiple, dilated blood vessels. They can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin and internal organs. Hemangiomas are typically benign and do not cause any symptoms, but in some cases, they may require treatment if they are causing problems such as bleeding or pressure on surrounding structures.
Hematoma: A hematoma is a blood clot that forms outside of a blood vessel, usually as a result of injury or bleeding. Hematomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, and can vary in size and severity. Treatment for a hematoma depends on the location and size of the clot, and may include observation, surgery, or medication.
Hemianopia: Hemianopia is a loss of vision in one-half of the visual field. This can be caused by various conditions, such as brain injury or stroke, and can affect either the left or right side of the visual field.
Hemiatrophy: Hemiatrophy refers to the shrinking or wasting away of one half of an organ or one half of the body. This can be caused by various conditions, such as brain injury or stroke, and can result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.
Hemiplegia: Hemiplegia is a type of paralysis that affects one side of the body, typically as a result of brain injury or stroke. It can cause weakness or loss of movement in the arm, leg, and face on one side of the body.
Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding. It can occur as a result of injury, disease, or other causes. Hemorrhages can be classified as external or internal depending on whether the bleeding is from an external or internal source.
Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP): A herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) is a condition in which the central portion of an intervertebral disc bulges out of its normal position and presses on a nerve root. This can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the affected area. Treatment options include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases, surgery.
Hormone: A hormone is a chemical substance produced by one gland or part of the body that is carried by the bloodstream to another organ, where it causes a specific physiological effect. Hormones play an important role in regulating many bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes.
Hydrocephalus: Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an abnormal and excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricles. This can cause the ventricles to enlarge and, in infants and young children, can cause the head to enlarge. Hydrocephalus can be caused by a variety of factors, including congenital defects, brain tumors, or injury to the brain. Treatment for hydrocephalus typically involves the use of a shunt, which is a small tube that is surgically implanted to drain the excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. In some cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is done which is a surgical procedure that creates a new pathway for the cerebrospinal fluid to flow out of the brain.
Hydromyelia: Hydromyelia is a condition characterized by expansion of the spinal cord due to an increase in the size of the central canal of the cord, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This can put pressure on the spinal cord and cause symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and pain. Treatment for hydromyelia typically involves surgery to remove the excess CSF and relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
Hyperacusis: Hyperacusis is a condition characterized by an abnormal sensitivity to sound. People with hyperacusis may find certain sounds, such as those from traffic or speech, to be uncomfortably loud and may have difficulty tolerating them. The condition can be caused by various factors, such as injury to the ear, exposure to loud noise, or certain medical conditions. Treatment for hyperacusis may include sound therapy, counseling, and medication.
Hypersensitivity: Hyperesthesia refers to excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other stimuli. This can be caused by various conditions, such as nerve injury or certain medical conditions, and can result in pain or discomfort even with light touch or pressure.
Hypertension: Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. It is a common condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. The cause of hypertension is often multifactorial and can include lifestyle factors such as diet, obesity, and lack of exercise, as well as genetic factors. Treatment for hypertension typically involves lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise, as well as medication to lower blood pressure.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized nerve cells located at the base of the brain. It plays an important role in controlling various functions, including the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, the regulation of body temperature, and the control of hunger and thirst. Damage or dysfunction of the hypothalamus can lead to a variety of conditions, such as diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, and obesity.
Infundibulum: The infundibulum is a stalk that extends from the base of the brain and connects to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain that produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproductive function. The infundibulum plays a role in the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation device: An intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation (IABP) device is a mechanical pump that is inserted into the aorta, the main vessel of the body, to help the heart pump blood to critical organs such as the brain or kidneys. The device inflates during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle, which increases blood flow to the coronary and peripheral circulation, and deflates during the systolic phase, which reduces afterload and increases cardiac output. The IABP is used in patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiac decompensation, cardiogenic shock and other cardiac conditions.
Intra-arterial catheterization angiography: Intra-arterial catheterization angiography is a type of X-ray imaging that uses a small tube called a catheter to inject a contrast material into an artery. The contrast material makes the blood vessels visible on an X-ray image, allowing doctors to see the inside of the vessels and identify any blockages or other abnormalities. The procedure is usually performed in the neck or head, and the catheter is inserted through the groin into the femoral artery. Intra-arterial catheterization angiography is an invasive procedure and carries a small risk of complications, but it is a highly accurate method for visualizing blood vessels.
Intracerebral hematoma: An intracerebral hematoma is a blood clot that forms within the brain. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including head injury, hypertension, or bleeding disorders. Intracerebral hematomas can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the clot, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Treatment may include surgical removal of the clot, as well as medications to reduce swelling and bleeding.
Intracranial pressure (ICP): Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the overall pressure inside the skull. It is usually measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is influenced by the volume of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue within the skull. Elevated ICP can be caused by a variety of conditions, including head injury, brain tumors, and hydrocephalus, and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.
Intraoperative cisternography: Intraoperative cisternography is a diagnostic procedure in which a contrast dye is injected into the ventricles, which are the fluid-filled chambers in the brain. The contrast dye can help identify any abnormalities or blockages in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which can be used to guide surgical procedures or to monitor the effectiveness of a treatment.
Ischemia: Ischemia is a condition characterized by inadequate circulation of blood, usually due to a blockage of an artery. This can lead to a lack of oxygen and nutrients being delivered to the affected area, which can cause damage or death of tissue. Ischemia can occur in any part of the body, but is most commonly associated with the heart and brain.
Jugular veins: The jugular veins are the major veins on each side of the neck that drain blood from the head back to the heart. They are formed by the union of several smaller veins and run along the sides of the neck, parallel to the carotid arteries. The jugular veins play a key role in returning blood from the head and neck back to the heart, and can be used to measure the pressure of the blood flowing through the veins. Abnormalities or blockages in the jugular veins can lead to swelling and congestion in the head and neck, as well as difficulty breathing and other symptoms.
Labyrinth: The labyrinth refers to the internal ear, which is composed of the semi-circular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. The semi-circular canals are responsible for sensing changes in head position, while the vestibule and cochlea are responsible for sensing sound and maintaining balance. The labyrinth plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and coordination, and abnormalities or damage to the labyrinth can lead to conditions such as vertigo and hearing loss.
Lamina: The lamina is the flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch that forms the roof of the spinal canal. The laminae protect the spinal cord and nerves and provide structural support for the spine.
Laminectomy: Laminectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or more laminae of the vertebrae are removed. This is done to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, often caused by conditions such as spinal stenosis or herniated discs. Laminectomy can be done through an open incision or minimally invasive techniques.
Laminotomy: A laminotomy is a surgical procedure in which a small opening is made in a lamina, typically to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as spinal stenosis or herniated discs. This procedure is often performed using minimally invasive techniques.
Leptomeninges: The leptomeninges are the two thin layers of fine tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord, known as the pia mater and arachnoid mater. These membranes help protect the brain and spinal cord and are responsible for producing and maintaining the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and cushions these structures.
Leptomeningitis: Leptomeningitis is an inflammation of the leptomeninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, tumors, and autoimmune disorders. Symptoms of leptomeningitis can include fever, headache, stiffness in the neck, and confusion.
Leukodystrophy: Leukodystrophy is a group of inherited disorders characterized by abnormal development or destruction of the myelin, the fatty substance that surrounds and insulate nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This can lead to difficulty with movement, coordination, and cognitive function. There are several different types of leukodystrophies, each with its own specific set of symptoms and causes. Some common symptoms of leukodystrophies include difficulty with movement, developmental delays, and vision and hearing loss.
Leukoencephalitis: Leukoencephalitis is an inflammation of the white matter of the brain, which is composed of myelin-coated nerve fibers. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and tumors. Symptoms of leukoencephalitis can include weakness, difficulty with coordination and speech, and changes in vision or hearing.
Linear accelerator: A linear accelerator is a type of equipment that uses high-energy x-rays to deliver a concentrated dose of radiation to a predetermined target. This is often used in the treatment of cancer, as the high-energy x-rays can damage or destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
Lipoma: A lipoma is a benign tumor composed of mature fat cells. Lipomas are typically slow-growing and painless, and can occur anywhere in the body. They are most commonly found on the head, neck, back, and shoulders.
Lordosis: Lordosis is a curvature of the spine in which the convexity of the curve is facing forward. This can occur in the cervical, thoracic or lumbar regions and can be congenital or acquired. It can cause lower back pain and difficulty with balance and coordination.
Lumbar drain: A lumbar drain, also known as a lumbar puncture, is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube is inserted through the skin into the cerebrospinal fluid space of the lower back. This allows for the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, which can be used to diagnose or treat certain conditions, such as hydrocephalus or infection.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): MRA is a non-invasive study that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the blood vessels in the head and neck. Unlike traditional angiography, MRA does not require the injection of contrast material or the use of x-rays, making it a safer option for some patients.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI is a diagnostic test that uses powerful magnets and computer technology to produce detailed, three-dimensional images of internal body structures. It is often used to diagnose and monitor a wide range of conditions, including brain and spinal cord disorders, tumors, and injuries.
Median nerve: The median nerve is a nerve that supplies muscles in the anterior forearm and thumb and also provides sensation to the hand. It is formed from the brachial plexus and can be compressed or trapped at the wrist in a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome.
Medulloblastoma: Medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from medulloblasts, which are cells that develop in the roof of the fourth ventricle. Medulloblastomas are typically fast-growing and can spread to other parts of the brain or spinal cord. They are most commonly found in children.
Meninges: The meninges are the three membranes that cover the spinal cord and brain, known as the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The meninges protect the brain and spinal cord, provide structural support, and produce and maintain the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and cushions these structures.
Meningioma: A meningioma is a firm, often vascular, tumor that arises from the coverings of the brain, specifically from the arachnoid and dura mater. These tumors are usually benign, but can cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and vision or motor disturbances if they press on surrounding brain tissue. They are typically treated with surgery and radiation therapy.
Meningitis: Meningitis is an infection or inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Symptoms of meningitis can include fever, headache, stiff neck, and a rash. It is a serious condition that can lead to brain damage, hearing loss, or death if not treated promptly.
Meningocele: A meningocele is a protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull or vertebral column. This can occur in the brain or spine and can be congenital or acquired. It can cause neurological symptoms such as weakness or sensory loss if the protrusion compresses surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue.
Meningoencephalitis: Meningoencephalitis is an inflammation or infection of both the meninges and brain tissue. It can be caused by a variety of microorganisms and can lead to serious neurological complications if not treated promptly. Symptoms can include fever, headache, altered mental state, and seizures.
Meningoencephalocele: A meningoencephalocele is a protrusion of both the meninges and brain tissue through a defect in the skull or vertebral column. Similar to meningocele, it can cause neurological symptoms if it compresses surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue. It is a rare congenital condition that requires surgery to prevent further neurological damage.
Myelitis: Myelitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and tumors. Symptoms can include weakness, numbness, and pain in the limbs, as well as difficulty with bowel and bladder control. The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the specific area of the spinal cord that is affected.
Myelography: Myelography is an imaging technique that uses a contrast dye to visualize the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. The dye is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid space, which allows it to spread throughout the spinal cord and surrounding structures. This technique is used to diagnose conditions such as herniated discs and spinal cord tumors.
Myelopathy: Myelopathy is a general term that refers to any disorder of the spinal cord. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, tumors, and degenerative diseases. Symptoms can include weakness, numbness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
Myoclonus: Myoclonus is a muscle disorder characterized by sudden, brief, shock-like contractions of a muscle or group of muscles. It can occur in any muscle group, but is most commonly seen in the face, neck, and limbs. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, infection, and certain medications.
Neurofibromatosis: Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that causes tumors to grow along the nerves in the body. There are two main types of neurofibromatosis: type 1 and type 2. Type 1, also known as von Recklinghausen's disease, is characterized by the development of multiple benign tumors on the nerves, as well as café-au-lait spots on the skin. Type 2 is characterized by the development of tumors on the vestibular nerve, which can lead to hearing loss and balance problems.
Neuropathology: Neuropathology is the study of the structural and functional changes that occur in the nervous system as a result of disease or injury. It is a subspecialty of pathology that focuses specifically on the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathologists use a variety of techniques, including gross examination, histological staining, and imaging studies, to diagnose and understand various neurological disorders.
Neurosurgery: Neurosurgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the brain and spinal cord. Neurosurgeons use a variety of techniques, including open surgery, endoscopic surgery, and minimally invasive procedures, to treat conditions such as brain tumors, aneurysms, and spinal cord injuries.
Nystagmus: Nystagmus is a condition characterized by involuntary, rhythmic eye movements. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including inner ear disorders, brain injury, and certain medications. Symptoms can include difficulty with vision and balance.
Oligodendroglioma: An oligodendroglioma is a type of brain tumor that arises from the oligodendrocytes, which are cells that produce the myelin that surrounds and insulate nerve fibers in the brain. These tumors are typically slow-growing and can cause symptoms such as seizures and changes in cognitive function. They are typically treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Optic Neuritis: Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain. It can cause symptoms such as loss of vision, pain with eye movement, and color vision changes. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including multiple sclerosis, infections, and certain medications.
Papilledema: Papilledema is a condition characterized by swelling of the optic disc, which is the area of the eye where the optic nerve enters the retina. It can be caused by increased pressure within the skull, such as from a brain tumor or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Symptoms can include vision changes, headache, and double vision.
Parkinson's Disease: Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system that primarily affects movement. It is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Symptoms can include tremors, stiffness, difficulty with coordination and balance, and problems with speech and writing.
Peripheral Neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, injury, and certain medications. Symptoms can include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area.
Petit Mal Seizures: Petit mal seizures, also known as absence seizures, are a type of seizure characterized by brief periods of unconsciousness or staring spells. They typically last only a few seconds and are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Pituitary Adenoma: A pituitary adenoma is a benign tumor that develops in the pituitary gland, which is a small gland located at the base of the brain that produces hormones that regulate various body functions. These tumors can cause symptoms such as headaches, vision changes, and changes in hormone levels. They are typically treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and/or medication.
Polyneuropathy: Polyneuropathy is a disorder of multiple peripheral nerves, which can lead to numbness, weakness, and pain in the hands and feet. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, alcoholism, and certain medications.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare degenerative disorder of the brain that affects movement, speech, and eye movements. It is characterized by the degeneration of specific areas of the brain, including the basal ganglia and brainstem. Symptoms can include difficulty with balance and coordination, stiffness, and problems with eye movements. There is no cure for PSP and treatment is symptomatic.
Pseudotumor Cerebri: Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased pressure within the skull. It can cause symptoms such as headaches, vision changes, and ringing in the ears. It is typically treated with medications and/or a lumbar puncture to remove cerebrospinal fluid.
Radiculopathy: Radiculopathy is a condition characterized by pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling in the arms or legs, caused by compression or irritation of a spinal nerve root. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as a herniated disc, spinal stenosis, or a bone spur. Treatment options can include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases surgery.
Reye's Syndrome: Reye's syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal condition that primarily affects children and young adults. It is characterized by swelling of the brain and liver, and can be caused by taking aspirin while having a viral infection, such as the flu or chickenpox. Symptoms can include vomiting, confusion, and seizures.
Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking. It is typically treated with a combination of medication and therapy.
Sclerosis: Sclerosis is a condition characterized by hardening or thickening of tissue. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system and can cause a wide range of symptoms, including weakness, numbness, and problems with coordination and balance.
Sciatica: Sciatica is a condition characterized by pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs, caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve. It is typically caused by a herniated disc or spinal stenosis and can be treated with physical therapy, medication, and in some cases surgery.
Spinal Cord Injury: A spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that can result in loss of movement, sensation, and/or reflexes below the level of the injury. It can be caused by trauma, such as a car accident or fall, or by certain medical conditions, such as tumors or infections. Treatment options can include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases surgery.
Spinal Stenosis: Spinal stenosis is a condition characterized by narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. It can be caused by degeneration of the spine due to age, or by certain medical conditions, such as tumors or infections. Treatment options can include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases surgery.
Stroke: A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, which can result in damage to brain tissue. Strokes can be caused by a clot in an artery that supplies blood to the brain, or by bleeding in the brain. Symptoms can include weakness, numbness, problems with vision and speech, and difficulty with coordination and balance. Treatment options can include medication and in some cases surgery.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Tardive dyskinesia is a condition characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the face, tongue, and limbs. It is a side effect of long-term use of certain medications, such as antipsychotics, and can be difficult to treat.
Tourette's Syndrome: Tourette's syndrome is a disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics, such as eye blinking, throat clearing, and grunting. It is typically diagnosed in childhood and can be treated with medication and therapy.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that causes symptoms similar to a stroke but does not cause permanent brain damage. TIAs are considered warning signs for a future stroke and can be caused by a clot in an artery that supplies blood to the brain.
Trigeminal Neuralgia: Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by severe, sudden, and brief attacks of facial pain, typically on one side of the face. The pain is caused by irritation or compression of the trigeminal nerve and can be treated with medication and, in some cases, surgery.
Vertigo: Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or whirling, caused by a problem with the inner ear or brain. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as inner ear infections, head injuries, or certain medications. Treatment options can include medication, physical therapy, and in some cases surgery.
Vestibular Neuronitis: Vestibular neuronitis, also known as vestibular neuritis, is an inner ear disorder characterized by sudden severe vertigo and nausea, typically caused by a viral infection. It is typically self-limiting and can be treated with medication, rest and in some cases physical therapy.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the growth of multiple benign and malignant tumors in various parts of the body, including the brain, spine, and kidneys. It is caused by a mutation in the VHL gene and can be treated with surgery and radiation therapy.
Wilson's Disease: Wilson's disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of copper in the body. This results in the accumulation of copper in the liver, brain and other organs, leading to serious health problems such as liver damage, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and tremors. Treatment typically involves chelating agents that bind to copper and remove it from the body, along with zinc supplements.
Wernicke's Encephalopathy: Wernicke's encephalopathy is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine) and characterized by symptoms such as confusion, memory loss, vision disturbances, and ataxia (lack of coordination). It can be caused by chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, or other conditions. Treatment involves administering thiamine intravenously or orally.
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD): X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of certain fatty acids, leading to the destruction of myelin in the brain. It is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and is more common in males. Treatment options include Lorenzo's Oil (a combination of fatty acids), bone marrow transplantation, and gene therapy.
Zellweger Syndrome: Zellweger Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in PEX genes. It affects the development of the brain and other organs, leading to severe intellectual disability, seizures, and other health problems. There is no cure for Zellweger Syndrome, and treatment is mainly supportive and based on the symptoms that the child has.
QUADRANTANOPIA - Defect in vision or blindness in one fourth of the visual field.
QUADRIPLEGIA - Paralysis of all four limbs. RACHISCHISIS - Abnormal congenital opening of the vertebral column.
SACCULAR ANEURYSM - a balloon-like outpouching of a vessel (the more common type of aneurysm).
SCOTOMA - An area of decreased vision surrounded by an area of less depressed or normal vision.
SHUNT - A tube or device implanted in the body (usually made of Silastic) to redivert excess CSF away from the brain to another place in the body.
SPINA BIFIDA - A congenital defect of the spine marked by the absence of a portion of the spine.
SPINAL FUSION - Operative method of strengthening and limiting motion of the spinal column. Can be performed with a variety of metal instruments and bone grafts, or bone grafts alone.
SPONDYLOLISTHESIS - Forward displacement of one vertebra on another.
SPONDYLOSIS - Degenerative bone changes in the spine usually most marked at the vertebral joints.
STENOSIS - Narrowing.
STEREOTACTIC - Originated from the Greek words stereo meaning three dimensional and tactos meaning touched.
STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY - The precise delivery of radiation to a preselected stereotactically localized target.
STRABISMUS - Deviation of eye movement which prevents the two eyes from moving in a parallel fashion.
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE - Blood in, or bleeding into, the space under the arachnoid membrane, most commonly from trauma or from rupture of an aneurysm.
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA - a collection of blood (clot) trapped under the dura matter, the outermost membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
SYRINGOMYELIA - A fluid filled cavity in the spinal cord.
TERATOMA - tumor or growth made up of several different types of tissue (fat, bone, muscle, skin).
THROMBUS - A blood clot attached to the wall of an artery.
THALAMUS - brain cells which lie in the upper part of the brainstem.
TIC DOULOUREUX - (See trigeminal neuralgia)
TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACH - Operative method of reaching the pituitary gland or skull base traversing the nose and sinuses.
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA - Paroxysmal pain in the face. Pain may be so severe that it causes an involuntary grimace or "tic". (Tic Douloureux)
VASOCONSTRICTION - A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels.
VASODILATATION - An increase in the diameter of blood vessels.
VASOPRESSIN - A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary which raises blood pressure and increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
VASOPRESSOR - An agent which constricts the arteries and raises blood pressure.
VASOSPASM - Spasm of blood vessels, decreasing their diameter.
VENTRICLE - The cavities or chambers within the brain which contain the cerebrospinal fluid. There are two lateral ventricles and midline third and fourth ventricles.
VENTRICULITIS - Inflammation and/or infection of the ventricles.
VENTRICULOGRAM - An x-ray study of the ventricles.
VENTRICULOSTOMY - An opening into the ventricles of the brain, such as by inserting a small, thin, hollow catheter.
VENTRICULAR DRAINAGE - Insertion of a small tube into the ventricles to drain cerebrospinal fluid, usually when pressure is increased.
VERMIS - Middle part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres.
VERTEBRA - Any of the thirty-three bones of the spinal column.
VERTIGO - An abnormal sensation of rotation or movement of one's self, or the environment. X-RAY - Application of electromagnetic radiation to produce a film or picture of a bone or soft-tissue area of the body.
VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION - A type of physical therapy that focuses on improving balance and coordination in individuals who have vestibular disorders, such as Meniere's disease or benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). This type of therapy may involve exercises to improve gaze stability, head and eye coordination, and overall balance control.
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY - A lack of vitamin B12 in the body, which can lead to a variety of symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, and neurological problems such as numbness, tingling, and difficulty walking. This deficiency can be caused by a lack of dietary intake, malabsorption, or certain medical conditions such as pernicious anemia. Treatment typically involves supplementing the diet with vitamin B12 or administering B12 injections.
VON HIPPEL - LINDAU DISEASE - A rare genetic disorder characterized by the formation of multiple benign and malignant tumors in various parts of the body, including the brain, retina, and kidneys. These tumors are caused by mutations in the VHL gene, which normally helps regulate cell growth. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or other forms of cancer treatment.
WHIPPLE PROCEDURE - A surgical procedure used to treat pancreatic cancer, specifically adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. The procedure involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a portion of the stomach, and the gallbladder. The remaining pancreas and bile duct are then reconnected to the small intestine, allowing for the continuation of normal digestion. The surgery is complex and requires a specialized team of surgeons.
ZIKA VIRUS - A virus transmitted by mosquitoes that can cause fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. It can also lead to a severe neurological condition known as microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. The virus can also be transmitted sexually or through blood transfusion. There is no specific treatment for Zika infection, and management is focused on relieving symptoms. Preventative measures include avoiding mosquito bites and practicing safe sex.
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM - The system in the inner ear that helps control balance and spatial orientation.
WERNICKE'S ENCEPHALOPATHY - A disorder caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) that affects the brain and can cause confusion, memory loss, and vision problems.
WHIPPLE DISEASE - A rare bacterial infection that affects the small intestine and other parts of the body, including the brain.
ZOSTER (SHINGLES) - A viral infection that causes a painful rash on one side of the body, typically caused by the varicella-zoster virus (the virus that also causes chickenpox).
VESTIBULAR NEURITIS - An inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. This condition can cause vertigo, dizziness, and difficulty with balance and coordination.
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE - The nerve responsible for hearing and balance, comprising the cochlear and vestibular nerves.
VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES - Deficiencies in certain vitamins, such as B1, B3, and E, can lead to neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and difficulty walking.
WEDGE COMPRESSION FRACTURE - A type of vertebral compression fracture that occurs due to a break in the front of the vertebral body, causing the vertebral body to collapse and wedge forward.
WHIPLASH - An injury to the cervical spine, usually caused by sudden acceleration or deceleration, such as in a car accident. Symptoms include neck pain, stiffness, and headaches.
I hope this helps to provide more detailed explanations and definitions for the neurological treatments, procedures, and conditions listed. It's important to note that this information should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice and treatment. If you have any concerns or questions about your health, it's always best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional.