The immune system is essential in protecting the body against disease. In some cases, however, it may react abnormally to substances known as allergens that, to most people, are completely harmless. Often when allergic patients are exposed to these substances, they start experiencing symptoms immediately. Acute responses are often mild, but in patients with severe allergies, an acute response allergic reaction can be an emergency situation that requires immediate medical attention.
An acute allergic reaction occurs when the immune system responds immediately to a particular allergen. This response causes the release of antibodies and chemicals intended to fight off germs and bacteria. When the allergic reaction is evoked, patients typically experience the common symptoms of allergies including runny nose, congestion, coughing, sneezing, and itchy or watery eyes. These symptoms are most often caused by the release of histamine in the body.
Life Threatening Acute Response Allergic Reactions
In severe cases, anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic shock, may occur as the result of acute response allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that affects the entire body and only occurs after a patient has been exposed to a particular substance in the past. For example, many patients are stung by bees or wasps the first time without experiencing an allergic reaction. If a second sting occurs later on, however, the patient may suffer anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis typically develops within seconds or minutes of exposure. It causes the throat to swell, making it difficult to breathe. When it is not treated imemdiately, anaphylactic shock can result in death.
Testing for Acute Response Allergic Reactions
Minor acute allergic reactions can typically be managed through prescription medications or avoidance. Doctors commonly perform skin tests to determine the exact cause of an allergic reaction, and patients are advised to avoid that allergen. In some cases, however, avoidance is not possible, and patients are commonly prescribed anti-histamines to block the symptoms of an allergic reaction. In cases of severe allergies that may lead to anaphylaxis, patients may be given adrenaline to use in the event of a reaction. Often called an epi-pen, this type of medication is injected directly into the bloodstream and is intended to stop severe allergic reactions.
In most cases, acute response allergic reactions can be managed through medication or lifestyle changes that involve avoiding particular allergens. Severe responses are typically rare, but they can be life threatening if medical attention is not sought immediately. With medication and proper emergency response, most allergy-related deaths can be avoided.